Chemical Properties Table

Q: What solvents are included in this reference?

The reference covers seven commonly used solvents with full property data: water (polar protic, dielectric constant 80.1), methanol (polar protic, bp 64.7C, toxic), ethanol (polar protic, bp 78.4C, azeotrope at 95.6%), acetone (polar aprotic, bp 56.1C), DMSO (polar aprotic, dielectric 46.7, skin penetration), DCM (weakly polar, density 1.325 g/mL, heavier than water), and hexane (nonpolar, polarity index 0.1, neurotoxic with chronic exposure).

Q: How are acids and bases documented?

Each acid/base entry includes pKa or pKb values, molecular weight, concentrated solution specifications (e.g., H2SO4 98%/18M, density 1.84 g/mL), boiling points, uses, and safety warnings. The master pKa comparison table covers strong acids (HClO4 to HNO3), medium acids (H3PO4, HF), weak acids (CH3COOH through C6H5OH), and polyprotic acid second-dissociation values.

Q: What gas properties are available?

The reference documents oxygen (20.9% atmospheric, solubility 8.2 mg/L at 25C), nitrogen (78.1% atmospheric, N triple-bond energy 945 kJ/mol), carbon dioxide (sublimation at -78.5C, critical point 31.1C/73.8 atm, aqueous pH ~3.9), and hydrogen (density 0.0899 g/L, heat of combustion 141.8 kJ/g, explosive range 4-75% in air).

Q: What pH indicators are listed?

Ten pH indicators are listed with their color transition ranges: methyl violet (0.0-1.6), cresol red 1st (0.2-1.8), thymol blue 1st (1.2-2.8), methyl orange (3.1-4.4), bromocresol green (3.8-5.4), methyl red (4.4-6.2), litmus (5.0-8.0), bromothymol blue (6.0-7.6), phenolphthalein (8.2-10.0), and alizarin yellow (10.0-12.0).

Q: Does it include safety data?

Yes. The safety section covers all nine GHS hazard pictograms (GHS01 Exploding bomb through GHS09 Environment) with H-statement and P-statement numbering ranges. A flash point/autoignition table compares 10 common solvents from diethyl ether (flash point -45C) to DMSO (flash point 89C). Incompatible chemical combinations are documented with specific hazard reactions.

Q: What solubility rules are provided?

The reference lists the standard ionic compound solubility rules: all Na+, K+, NH4+ salts and all nitrates are soluble; most Cl-, Br-, I- salts are soluble except AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2; most SO4 2- salts are soluble except BaSO4 and PbSO4; most OH-, CO3 2-, PO4 3-, and S 2- salts are insoluble except alkali metal salts.

Q: Are thermodynamic constants included?

Yes. The reference lists R (8.314 J/mol/K), Avogadro number (6.022e23), Boltzmann constant (1.381e-23 J/K), Faraday constant (96485 C/mol), Planck constant (6.626e-34 J*s), speed of light (2.998e8 m/s), plus energy conversion factors: 1 eV = 96.485 kJ/mol, 1 cal = 4.184 J, 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg, 0C = 273.15 K.

Q: How are drying agents compared?

Seven drying agents are ranked by capacity: P2O5 (most powerful, acidic, residual moisture < 0.00002 mg/L), Mg(ClO4)2 (very powerful), CaSO4/Drierite (moderate, ~0.005 mg/L residual), CaCl2 (general purpose, cheap), Na2SO4 (high capacity but slow), MgSO4 (fast but lower capacity), and molecular sieves 3A/4A/5A (size-selective, regenerable).

Free reference guide: Chemical Properties Table

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About Chemical Properties Table

The Chemical Properties Table is a searchable reference containing essential physical and chemical data organized across six categories. The Common Solvents section provides detailed property sheets for seven widely used solvents — water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, DMSO, DCM, and hexane — including molecular weight, boiling/melting points, density, dielectric constant, polarity index, viscosity, solvent classification (polar protic, polar aprotic, nonpolar), miscibility data, and common laboratory applications.

The Acids & Bases section covers strong acids (HCl pKa = -7, H2SO4 pKa1 = -3), weak acids (acetic acid pKa = 4.76), strong bases (NaOH), and weak bases (NH3 pKb = 4.75), each with complete physical data and neutralization equations. A comprehensive pKa comparison table lists values from HClO4 (-10) through H2O (15.7) for quick reference. The Gas Properties section documents O2, N2, CO2, and H2 with atmospheric fractions, critical temperatures, and safety considerations including explosive limits for hydrogen (4-75% in air).

Additional sections cover reagents and indicators (pH indicator color ranges from methyl violet at pH 0.0 to alizarin yellow at pH 12.0, redox reagents like KMnO4 and NaBH4, drying agent comparison by capacity), solubility and stoichiometry (ionic compound solubility rules, ideal gas law with constants, key element data, thermodynamic constants), and safety and handling (GHS pictogram classifications, flash/autoignition points for common solvents, and incompatible chemical combinations). Everything is searchable in your browser with no sign-up required.

Key Features

Seven common solvent property sheets with molecular weight, boiling/melting points, density, dielectric constant, polarity index, viscosity, and solvent class — from water (polarity index 10.2) to hexane (polarity index 0.1)
Acid-base data with pKa values, molecular weights, concentrated solution specifications, and safety notes — covering HCl, H2SO4, acetic acid, NaOH, and NH3 plus a master pKa comparison table from HClO4 (-10) to H2O (15.7)
Gas property cards for O2, N2, CO2, and H2 including atmospheric fractions, critical temperatures, bond energies (N2 triple bond at 945 kJ/mol), and explosive limits (H2 at 4-75%)
pH indicator color change ranges for 10 indicators from methyl violet (pH 0.0-1.6) to alizarin yellow (pH 10.0-12.0), plus key redox reagents (KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, NaBH4, LiAlH4) with half-reaction equations
Drying agent comparison ranked by capacity: P2O5 (residual moisture < 0.00002 mg/L) through molecular sieves (3A, 4A, 5A) with regeneration capability
Ionic compound solubility rules with exceptions (AgCl, BaSO4, PbCl2), ideal gas law PV=nRT with both R values, and key element data including atomic number, mass, electronegativity, and electron configuration
GHS hazard pictogram guide (GHS01-GHS09) with H-statement and P-statement ranges, flash point and autoignition temperature table for 10 common solvents
Incompatible chemical combinations with specific reaction hazards: KMnO4 + glycerol (spontaneous combustion), HCl + NaOCl (Cl2 gas), H2SO4 + NaCN (HCN gas), Na/K + H2O (explosive reaction)

Frequently Asked Questions

What solvents are included in this reference?

The reference covers seven commonly used solvents with full property data: water (polar protic, dielectric constant 80.1), methanol (polar protic, bp 64.7C, toxic), ethanol (polar protic, bp 78.4C, azeotrope at 95.6%), acetone (polar aprotic, bp 56.1C), DMSO (polar aprotic, dielectric 46.7, skin penetration), DCM (weakly polar, density 1.325 g/mL, heavier than water), and hexane (nonpolar, polarity index 0.1, neurotoxic with chronic exposure).

How are acids and bases documented?

Each acid/base entry includes pKa or pKb values, molecular weight, concentrated solution specifications (e.g., H2SO4 98%/18M, density 1.84 g/mL), boiling points, uses, and safety warnings. The master pKa comparison table covers strong acids (HClO4 to HNO3), medium acids (H3PO4, HF), weak acids (CH3COOH through C6H5OH), and polyprotic acid second-dissociation values.

What gas properties are available?

The reference documents oxygen (20.9% atmospheric, solubility 8.2 mg/L at 25C), nitrogen (78.1% atmospheric, N triple-bond energy 945 kJ/mol), carbon dioxide (sublimation at -78.5C, critical point 31.1C/73.8 atm, aqueous pH ~3.9), and hydrogen (density 0.0899 g/L, heat of combustion 141.8 kJ/g, explosive range 4-75% in air).

What pH indicators are listed?

Ten pH indicators are listed with their color transition ranges: methyl violet (0.0-1.6), cresol red 1st (0.2-1.8), thymol blue 1st (1.2-2.8), methyl orange (3.1-4.4), bromocresol green (3.8-5.4), methyl red (4.4-6.2), litmus (5.0-8.0), bromothymol blue (6.0-7.6), phenolphthalein (8.2-10.0), and alizarin yellow (10.0-12.0).

Does it include safety data?

Yes. The safety section covers all nine GHS hazard pictograms (GHS01 Exploding bomb through GHS09 Environment) with H-statement and P-statement numbering ranges. A flash point/autoignition table compares 10 common solvents from diethyl ether (flash point -45C) to DMSO (flash point 89C). Incompatible chemical combinations are documented with specific hazard reactions.

What solubility rules are provided?

The reference lists the standard ionic compound solubility rules: all Na+, K+, NH4+ salts and all nitrates are soluble; most Cl-, Br-, I- salts are soluble except AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2; most SO4 2- salts are soluble except BaSO4 and PbSO4; most OH-, CO3 2-, PO4 3-, and S 2- salts are insoluble except alkali metal salts.

Are thermodynamic constants included?

Yes. The reference lists R (8.314 J/mol/K), Avogadro number (6.022e23), Boltzmann constant (1.381e-23 J/K), Faraday constant (96485 C/mol), Planck constant (6.626e-34 J*s), speed of light (2.998e8 m/s), plus energy conversion factors: 1 eV = 96.485 kJ/mol, 1 cal = 4.184 J, 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg, 0C = 273.15 K.

How are drying agents compared?

Seven drying agents are ranked by capacity: P2O5 (most powerful, acidic, residual moisture < 0.00002 mg/L), Mg(ClO4)2 (very powerful), CaSO4/Drierite (moderate, ~0.005 mg/L residual), CaCl2 (general purpose, cheap), Na2SO4 (high capacity but slow), MgSO4 (fast but lower capacity), and molecular sieves 3A/4A/5A (size-selective, regenerable).