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Free reference guide: Learntheory
About Learntheory
The Learning Theory Reference is a structured guide covering 25 learning theories across six categories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Social Learning, Adult Learning, and Digital Learning. Each entry provides the theory name, key theorist, core principles, and practical application examples for educators and instructional designers.
Behaviorism entries cover Pavlov's classical conditioning (unconditioned/conditioned stimulus-response associations), Skinner's operant conditioning (positive/negative reinforcement and punishment), reinforcement schedules (fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval), and behavior modification techniques (shaping, token economy, modeling, extinction).
The reference spans from foundational theories like Piaget's four-stage cognitive development and Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) with scaffolding, through Bandura's social learning theory and self-efficacy, to modern digital learning approaches including connectivism (Siemens), microlearning, flipped learning, gamification, and AI-based adaptive learning with knowledge tracing algorithms.
Key Features
- Covers 25 learning theories across behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, social, adult, and digital learning
- Pavlov classical conditioning with unconditioned/conditioned stimulus-response pairing explained
- Skinner operant conditioning: positive/negative reinforcement, positive/negative punishment with examples
- Piaget four-stage cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- Vygotsky ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) with scaffolding techniques for instruction
- Bandura social learning: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation phases and self-efficacy concept
- Kolb experiential learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation
- Digital learning theories: connectivism, microlearning, flipped classroom, gamification, and adaptive learning with knowledge tracing
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning (Pavlov) involves associating an unconditioned stimulus (food) with a conditioned stimulus (bell) until the conditioned stimulus alone triggers the response (salivation). Operant conditioning (Skinner) involves modifying behavior through consequences: reinforcement (positive or negative) increases behavior, while punishment (positive or negative) decreases it.
What are the four reinforcement schedules?
Fixed-ratio: reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., bonus every 10 units produced). Variable-ratio: reinforcement after unpredictable numbers (e.g., slot machines). Fixed-interval: reinforcement at set time periods (e.g., monthly salary). Variable-interval: reinforcement at unpredictable times (e.g., surprise inspections). Variable-ratio produces the highest, most consistent response rate.
How does Vygotsky's ZPD differ from Piaget's stages?
Piaget describes fixed developmental stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) that children progress through universally. Vygotsky's ZPD focuses on the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance (scaffolding), emphasizing the social and cultural context of learning rather than fixed biological stages.
What is Bandura's social learning theory?
Bandura proposed that learning occurs through observation and imitation in four phases: Attention (observing the model), Retention (remembering the behavior), Reproduction (performing the behavior), and Motivation (being motivated to repeat it). His Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children imitate observed aggressive behavior, especially when the model is rewarded (vicarious reinforcement).
What is cognitive load theory?
Sweller's cognitive load theory identifies three types of load on working memory: intrinsic load (inherent complexity of the material), extraneous load (unnecessary burden from poor instructional design), and germane load (productive effort contributing to schema construction). Effective instruction minimizes extraneous load and maximizes germane load within the limited capacity of working memory (7 plus or minus 2 chunks).
What are the principles of andragogy (adult learning)?
Knowles' andragogy identifies four key principles: self-directedness (adults plan their own learning), experience-centeredness (rich prior experience serves as learning resource), immediate application (focus on solving real-life problems), and intrinsic motivation (internal satisfaction over external rewards). These principles distinguish adult learning from child pedagogy.
How does the flipped classroom model work?
In flipped learning, students study foundational concepts before class through videos and materials (pre-study phase), then use classroom time for active learning activities like discussions, problem-solving, and projects. The instructor shifts from lecturer to facilitator, increasing the time available for active, higher-order learning activities.
What is connectivism and how does it apply to digital learning?
Connectivism (Siemens) posits that learning is the process of forming networks of nodes and connections. Knowledge exists not only within individuals but also in external networks. The ability to access current information and connect diverse opinions is more important than memorizing facts. This theory is foundational for understanding learning in networked, digital environments.